Learn to read a company.

A share is a small slice of a real business. Learn how owners get paid, why price and value differ, and why filings are how owners check in.

Who the SEC is, why public companies must report to it, how to find their reports on EDGAR, and the handful of filing types worth knowing.

A guided tour of the 10-K: which sections to read first, what to look for in each, and how they fit together to tell you how the year really went.

How to use a company's quarterly report: which changes are worth tracking, why you compare with the same quarter last year, and where quarterly numbers fall short.

What an 8-K is, what its numbered items mean in plain words, and why a few of them, like an auditor change or a restatement, deserve a closer look.

How to read a proxy statement: the board, the executive pay tables, pay versus performance, deals with insiders, and what owners get to vote on.

Who counts as an insider, how to read a Form 4, why insider purchases usually say more than sales, and why any of it is a clue rather than a signal.

Follow one small bike company from revenue down to net income and earnings per share, learn the three profit margins, and see why adjusted profit deserves a second look.

Learn why assets always equal liabilities plus equity, read a small company's balance sheet line by line, and spot the signs of a sturdy or a fragile one.

See the three ways cash moves through a company, work out free cash flow, and learn how a business that reports a profit can still run short of money.

Turn a company's statements into margins, returns, debt and liquidity ratios, break return on equity into three parts, and learn the traps in comparing ratios.

Learn why a dollar later is worth less than a dollar now, build a tiny discounted cash flow for a coffee roaster, and see why any honest value estimate is a range.

Learn market cap and enterprise value, then P/E, P/B, P/S, EV/EBITDA and free cash flow yield, when each one helps, and when each one can fool you.

See how careful investors judge a price against a cautious value estimate, why the gap protects against mistakes and bad luck, and why a cheap price alone isn't safety.

Learn why real risk is permanent loss rather than price wiggles, how to tell luck from skill, why rare surprises matter, and how optimism and fear come and go.

A top-to-bottom tour of a company page: the label and chip, the four score cards, how the health score is built, the AI summary, the filing timeline and freshness.

Learn the nine pass-or-fail tests behind the F-Score, why they were built to sort cheap stocks, and how to score a small company step by step.

Meet the eight ratios that look for flattered profits, learn what the −1.78 and −2.22 lines mean, and see why a high score calls for a closer read, not an accusation.

Learn the five ratios behind the Altman Z-Score, how the original and the later Z″ versions differ, what the safe, grey and distress zones mean, and where the score misleads.

Learn what a going-concern warning means, the one-year look-ahead behind it, what usually sets it off, what to read next, and the earlier signs that often show up first.

Learn how the Fog Index turns sentence length and long words into a reading grade, work it out on two sample sentences, and see why dense writing is a clue, not proof.

What short interest and days to cover measure, what they say about how traders see a company, and how different investors use the numbers.

Calls, puts and implied volatility in plain words: what option prices say about expected swings, risk and positioning, and how investors use options.